Appendix

Keywords

Blockchain, cross-chain, intent-based, zero-knowledge, staking

Glossary

User: Individuals or institutions who need assets cross-chain and data transmissions between chains.

Decentralized Market Maker (DMM): Individuals or institutions who provide liquidity to the protocol.

Platform: The decentralized network built by X Protocol.

Address: Blockchain wallet address.

Contract: Blockchain smart contract.

Tokens: On-chain assets, eg: ETH, ERC20, ERC1155, ERC721.

Intent: The framework or protocol built based on intent.

Restaking: The framework or protocol built based on restaking.

MEV: Miner Extractable Value.

Sandwich attack: Attackers can perform transactions right before and after the victim's transaction, aiming to get arbitrage profits from the price movements.

Relayer: Abstraction layer of the protocol to send transactions to the blockchain.

AMP: Arbitrary Message Passing, to relay data between two chains.

Calldata: A bytes array in Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), to store the data from external calls to functions.

References

[1] Satoshi Nakamoto. 2009. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system.

[2] Vitalik Buterin et al. 2014. Ethereum: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform.

[3] Vitalik Buterin et al. 2021. ZK-SNARKs. https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/01/26/snarks.html

[4] Vitalik Buterin et al. 2021. Verkle Trees. https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/06/18/verkle.html

[5] Vitalik Buterin et al. 2023. Three Transitions. https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/06/09/three_transitions.html

[6] Paradigm. 2023. Intent-Based Architectures and Their Risks. https://www.paradigm.xyz/2023/06/intents

[7] EigenLayer. 2023. EigenLayer: The Restaking Collective.

[8] Ryan Zarick, Bryan Pellegrino, Isaac Zhang, Thomas Kim, and Caleb Banister. 2023. LayerZero.

[9] Tiancheng Xie, Jiaheng Zhang, Zerui Cheng, Fan Zhang, Yupeng Zhang,

Yongzheng Jia, Dan Boneh, and Dawn Song. 2022. zkBridge: Trustless Crosschain Bridges Made Practical. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS ’22), November

[10] Stephen Monn (@pixelcircuits), Bikem Bengisu (@supiket), "ERC-7521: General Intents for Smart Contract Wallets [DRAFT]," Ethereum Improvement Proposals, no. 7521, September 2023. [Online serial]. Available: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7521.